Definition:
Bloody stools often indicate an injury or disorder in the digestive tract. Your doctor may use the term "melena" to describe black, tarry, and foul-smelling stools or "hematochezia" to describe red- or maroon-colored stools.
Alternative Names:
Stools - bloody; Hematochezia; Melena; Stools - black or tarry
Considerations:
Blood in the stool may come from anywhere along your digestive tract, from mouth to anus. It may be present in such small amounts that you cannot actually see it, but it is only detectable by a fecal occult blood test. When there IS enough blood to change the appearance of your stools, the doctor will want to know the exact color to help find the site of bleeding. To make a diagnosis, your doctor may use endoscopy or special x-ray studies. A black stool usually means that the blood is coming from the upper part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This includes the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine. Blood will typically look like tar after it has been exposed to the body's digestive juices. Stomach ulcers or inflammation caused by ibuprofen, naproxen, or aspirin are common causes of upper GI bleeding. Maroon-colored stools or bright red blood usually suggests that the blood is coming from the lower part of the GI tract (large bowel, rectum, or anus). Hemorrhoids and diverticulosis (an abnormal pouch in the colon) are the most common causes of lower GI bleeding. Abnormal collections of blood vessels called arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and tumors in the intestine may also cause lower GI bleeding. However, sometimes massive or rapid bleeding in the stomach causes bright red stools. Consuming black licorice, lead, iron pills, bismuth medicines like Pepto-Bismol, or blueberries can also cause black stools. Beets and tomatoes can sometimes make stools appear reddish. In these cases, your doctor can test the stool with a chemical to rule out the presence of blood. Brisk bleeding in the esophagus or stomach (such as with peptic ulcer disease), can also cause you to vomit blood.
Common Causes:
Upper GI tract (usually black stools): - Abnormal blood vessels (vascular malformation)
- A tear in the esophagus from violent vomiting (Mallory-Weiss tear)
- Bleeding stomach or duodenal ulcer
- Inflammation of the stomach lining (gastritis)
- Lack of proper blood flow to the intestines (bowel ischemia)
- Trauma or foreign body
- Widened, overgrown blood vesels (esophageal and stomach varices)
Lower GI tract (usually maroon or bright red, bloody stools):
References:
Green BT, Tendler DA. Ischemic Colitis: A Clinical Review. South Med J. 2005; 98 (2): 217-222. Cappell MS. The role of sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy in the diagnosis and management of lower gastrointestinal disorders: technique, indications, and contraindications. Med Clin North Am. 2002; 86(6): 1217-1252. Overton DT. Gastrointestinal bleeding. In: Tintinally JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS, Ma OJ, Cline DM, eds. Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. 6th ed. Columbus, OH:McGraw-Hill;2006:chap 74.
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